![]() ![]() Moseley and Rutherford changed the Periodic Table. He published his famous step ladder, showing the increasing frequency of the x-rays from calcium to copper. Harry’s work showed it was actually a measure of the positive charge on an atom’s nucleus. ![]() Up to then, atomic number had just referred to the number of an element’s box in the Periodic Table. The elements could be ordered according to atomic number. Harry postulated a theory (later called Moseley’s law) which proved what Niels Bohr had predicted – that the frequency of X-rays is proportional to the atomic charge. He also found a simple relationship between an element’s spectrum and its ‘atomic number.' Harry found that each element has a unique X-ray diffraction spectrum – like a fingerprint - that can identify it. Darwin (grandson of the great biologist), found that the clarity of the spectra allowed atomic structure to become the subject of the experiment, rather than X-rays. It was known that X-rays could be ‘diffracted’ much like light can be broken into a spectrum of colors with different frequencies. Delayed by equipment delivery, he decided to look at X-rays. ![]() Meanwhile Harry was studying Beta Rays, and had discovered the principle of the atomic battery, which would not be produced until the 1950’s. Thus, Rutherford had postulated his atomic theory: all of the positive charge and most of the mass of the atom were concentrated in a tiny central core with the electrons orbiting this ‘nucleus’, Thus, most of the atom was empty space. Mostly the alpha particles would pass through the gold foil, but occasionally one bounced back. Rutherford’s laboratory was bombarding ultra-thin sheets of gold foil with alpha particles, the positively charged particles found in the decay of radium. That Harry had a living courtesy of his grandfathers may have decided Rutherford’s choice, but he wouldn’t regret it. ![]() Harry’s ambition was to work at Manchester under the Nobel Laureate Sir Ernest Rutherford. He attended Eton, then Trinity College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1910 with a Second. Moseley, called ‘Harry’, was born into a wealthy, eccentric, scientific family in 1887. Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley, the most promising English physicist of his generation. Baldwin’s command post was wiped out, including the signals officer, 2nd Lt. A Kiwi observer above likened the sight to a “human waterfall”. Mustafa Kemal overwhelmed the defenders on Chunuk Bair and smashed into Baldwin’s hapless men, who had not constructed defensive positions. On the 9th they tried to capture the ridge between Chunuk Bair and Hill Q, but stopped at the flat-topped hill directly below called ‘The Farm’.Īt dawn on the 10th 30,000 Ottomans led by Col. An ad hoc force was formed, called ‘Baldwin’s Brigade’ after Brig. The enemy reinforced and the attack on the 9th was stopped cold. While men were dying on the highlands and in diversions, the Suvla Bay force had stopped the commander waiting to land everyone. The Gurkhas took Hill Q on the 10th but were driven off by friendly fire the Australians never made it to Hill 971. New Zealanders captured Chunuk Bair that night. Even the highly-regarded Australians and Gurkhas couldn’t advance fast enough.Īt dawn on the 7th no peak had been taken. Everything had to advance through winding defiles less than one yard wide. The beach was too small, there was no moonlight, the terrain was rough, maps were poor or wrong, and there were no guides. Success depended on capturing the Sari Bair highlands, so another force would be secretly assembled near Anzac, and capture the peaks by noon. At dawn, troops would land at Suvla Bay six miles north of Anzac Cove and move across the peninsula to cut off the Ottoman defenses. Diversions would be mounted at Lone Pine, the Nek and Krythia Vineyard. An ambitious, complicated plan was devised, the execution of which would prove impossible.īattle Map of the Anzac Breakout, 6-8 August 1915 Gallipoli Peninsula, June 1915: The invasion was stalled. ![]()
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